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11.
Carsten Junker Jia-Lin Wang Chung-Te Lee 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(21):3374-3384
Long-range transport of pollution outflow from Asian mainland has been noticed and expected to play a significant role in Pacific background. Since 1993 the Taiwanese Environmental Protection Administration (TEPA) is conducting ground-based observations of various particulate and gaseous pollutants at 74 monitoring stations in Taiwan. One of these stations, Heng-Chun at the south coast of Taiwan can be considered as a background station with only negligible amounts of local pollution, and another one, Wan-Li at the north coast, predominantly receives air that has not passed over Taiwan, so that background air can be analysed by means of sectorisation. In this work, the sectorised 13-year time series of measurements of CO, SO2, O3, NOx and PM10, from the Wan-Li station are presen and compared to data from the Heng-Chun station and another TEPA background station off the coast of mainland China, Ma-Zu. The CO and O3 measurements are also compared to data from the Yonaguni station, a Pacific island site, part of the Global Atmospheric Watch (GAW) network.The similarity of the sectorised data from the Wan-Li station with the data of the other station indicates that atmospheric measurements from the Wan-Li site can be used to make inferences about trends in western Pacific background air pollution and the effect of long-range transport of pollutants. The measurement time series from 1993 to 2006 do not indicate a significant trend in the monthly mean O3 concentrations in accordance with other research about ozone in tropical latitudes. An increasing trend in CO concentrations of 2.8% per annum is observed between 1999 and 2006 for long-range transport to northern Taiwan, and a doubling of the SO2 and NOx concentrations observed at the Wan-Li and Heng-Chun sites within the period 2001–2006. SO2 concentrations are found to quadruple at Ma-Zu within the same period. The data suggest that pollution from the Asian mainland enhances significantly the background air pollution over the Pacific. 相似文献
12.
Skjøth CA Ellermann T Hertel O Gyldenkaerne S Mikkelsen MH 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2008,58(9):1158-1165
Releases of ammonia (NH3) to the atmosphere contribute significantly to the deposition of nitrogen to both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. This is the background for the national NH3 emission ceilings in Europe. However, in some countries the national legislation aims not only to meet these ceilings but also to reduce the atmospheric nitrogen deposition to local ecosystems. Such measures to reduce the load of nitrogen to local ecosystems were introduced in Denmark in 1994. In this paper we demonstrate that this regulation is reflected in the NH3 concentrations in Denmark. The Danish legislation forces farmers to applying manure to the fields during the crop-growing season. We have analyzed the seasonal variation in local NH3 concentrations over the time period of 1989-2003. During this period the seasonal variation has changed from having moderate spring and autumn concentration peaks to having a single and much more pronounced spring peak. In the analysis we apply an NH3 emission model to demonstrate that these changes in the seasonal variation are a result of the changes in the Danish legislation. The analysis demonstrates the strength of using a high-resolution emission model in the analysis of routine monitoring data. 相似文献
13.
Eleanor J. Blitzer Carsten F. DormannTatyana A. Rand Teja Tscharntke 《Agriculture, ecosystems & environment》2012,146(1):34-43
Land-use intensification has led to a landscape mosaic that juxtaposes human-managed and natural areas. In such human-dominated and heterogeneous landscapes, spillover across habitat types, especially in systems that differ in resource availability, may be an important ecological process structuring communities. While there is much evidence for spillover from natural habitats to managed areas, little attention has been given to flow in the opposite direction. This paper synthesizes studies published to date from five functionally important trophic groups, herbivores, pathogens, pollinators, predators, and seed dispersers, and discusses evidence for spillover from managed to natural systems in all five groups. For each of the five focal groups, studies in the natural to managed direction are common, often with multiple review articles on each subject which document dozens of examples. In contrast, the number of studies which examine movement in the managed to natural direction is generally less than five studies per trophic group. These findings suggest that spillover in the managed to natural direction has been largely underestimated. As habitat modification continues, resulting in increasingly fragmented landscapes, the likelihood and size of any spillover effect will only increase. 相似文献
14.
Schröder FR Schulze C Matthies M 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2002,9(2):130-135
The GREAT-ER software was used to calculate linear alkylbenzene sulphonate [LAS] and boron concentrations in the Itter stream in North Rhine-Westfalia, Germany. The aim was to investigate the predictive strength of this newly developed tool and to compare its results to measured data. Substance-specific input data which were used in this scenario were partly generic (e.g. LAS and sodium perborate tetrahydrate consumption figures for Germany) and partly (site-)specific data (e.g. half-life time for LAS elimination). The comparison with the measured data reveals that the model predictions for LAS and boron are correct at least within a factor of two, only if generic German consumption data is applied. By using refined input data, the accuracy can be increased further. 相似文献
15.
16.
We consider contracting of a principal with an agent if multilateral externalities are present. The motivating example is that of an international climate agreement given private information about the willingness-to-pay (WTP) for emissions abatement. Due to multilateral externalities the principal uses her own emissions besides subsidies to incentivize the agent and to assure his participation. Optimal contracts equalize marginal abatement costs and, thus, can be implemented by a system of competitive permit trading. Moreover, optimal contracts can include a boundary part (i.e., the endogenous, type dependent participation constraint is binding), which is not a copy of the outside option of no contract. Compared to this outside option, a contract can increase emissions of the principal for types with a low WTP, and reduce her payoff for high types. Subsidies can be constant or even decreasing in emission reductions, and turn negative so that the agent reduces emissions and pays the principal. 相似文献
17.
Dirk Erpenbeck John N. A. Hooper Isabelle Bonnard Patricia Sutcliffe Mayuri Chandra Pierre Perio Carsten Wolff Bernard Banaigs Gert W?rheide Cécile Debitus Sylvain Petek 《Marine Biology》2012,159(5):1119-1127
Sponges of the family Dysideidae (Dictyoceratida) are renowned for their diversity of secondary metabolites, and its genus Lamellodysidea, particularly Lamellodysidea herbacea, is the most studied taxon biochemically. Despite its importance, the taxonomic status of L. herbacea—whether it is a distinct species or a species complex—has never been assessed. Recent biochemical profiling revealed anti-plasmodial activity of brominated compounds in Lamellodysidea of the Pacific. Here, we present a comparative chemotaxonomic and molecular analysis of selected Dysideidae from the Pacific and the Indian Ocean (New Caledonia, Great Barrier Reef, Fiji, Mayotte, Guam, Palau). We investigated the phylogenetic relationships between the populations and assessed their bioactive (PBDE) compounds in order to unravel the taxonomic status of this commercially important group of sponges and assessed patterns of dispersal and biochemical variation. The molecular phylogeny was based on the internal transcribed ribosomal spacer and compared against a PBDE phylogeny for several specimens. Molecular data revealed a diversity of Indo-Pacific L. herbacea populations, also reflected by different PBDE compound profiles. Molecular and biochemical data also revealed a Lamellodysidea species new to science. Several specimens misidentified as Lamellodysidea were detected based on their position on different clades in the molecular phylogeny and their production of different halogenated compounds (brominated vs. chlorinated). The direct comparison of molecular and biochemical data also provided evidence for the occurrence of a host switch event and support for the theory that abiotic factors, such as sedimentation, affect the chemical constituents produced in L. herbacea. 相似文献
18.
Duester L Prasse C Vogel JV Vink JP Schaumann GE 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2011,13(5):1204-1211
The pore water transport of antimony and titanium, applied as nanoparticles (NPs), was studied by spiking stable suspensions of two different nanomaterials on the surface of an undisturbed floodplain soil. For preparation of stable dispersions, two different strategies were followed. (i) Comparable to those used in industrial applications: titanium dioxide nanoparticles, with an average diameter of 99 nm, were prepared by high-energy ball milling in water, whereas for (ii) antimony trioxide (Sb(2)O(3); average diameter 121 nm) a dispersing agent (sodium salt of poly[(naphthaleneformaldehyde)sulfonate] (pNFS) in water) was used. The upper 17 cm of a floodplain soil (river Rhine, Germany) was sampled using the minimally invasive sediment or fauna incubation experiment (SOFIE? two compartment cell; 3 l volume each), which preserved the pore system of the soil. The cells were equipped with 450 and 100 nm filter probes at different depths providing a non-invasive sampling of the pore water. The pore water was sampled at different times (T = 0, 24, 48, 96 and 196 h) and analysed by inductively coupled plasma quadrupole mass spectrometry (ICP-QMS). Sb and Ti were transported via the pore water of the floodplain soil to a depth of 14 cm, corresponding to the maximum cell depth. The highest Sb concentration in the pore water was detected after 24 h at a depth of 5.5-8 cm. Although the spiked concentration was higher for Ti than for Sb, the total Ti concentration in the pore water of the spiked cell was lower. This indicates a stronger agglomeration of TiO(2) NPs or a more intensive interaction of Ti with the solid matrix and a faster transport of Sb towards deeper soil layers. The results show that metal(loid)s from metal oxide NPs are transported in the soil pore water and, hence, have the potential to act as the source of contamination of deeper soil layers after soil surface contamination. 相似文献
19.
Rapid tissue reduction and recovery in the sponge <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aplysinella</Emphasis> sp.
We observed a pronounced, yet reversible tissue reduction in the tropical sponge Aplysinella sp. under non-experimental conditions in its natural habitat, after transfer into seawater tanks, as well as after transplantation
from deep to shallow water in the field. Tissue reduction resulted in the formation of small “reduction bodies” tightly attached
to the sponge skeleton. Although volume loss and gain were substantial, both tissue reduction and regeneration were often
remarkably rapid, occurring within few hours. Microscopic analysis of the reduction bodies revealed morphological similarities
to previously described sponge primmorphs, with densely packed archaeocytes and spherulous cells enclosed by a thin layer
of epithelial-like cells. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) revealed pronounced changes in the sponge-associated
microbial community upon tissue reduction during laboratory and field experiments and following changes in ambient conditions
after transplantation in the field. Generally, the microbial community associated with this sponge proved less stable, less
abundant, and less diverse than those of other, previously investigated Verongid sponges. However, one single phylotype was
consistently present in DGGE profiles of Aplysinella sp. This phylotype clustered with γ-proteobacterial sequences found previously in other sponge species of different taxonomic
affiliations and geographic provenances, as well as in sponge larvae. No apparent changes in the total secondary metabolite
content (per dry weight) occurred in Aplysinella sp. upon tissue reduction; however, comparative analysis of intact and reduced tissue suggested changes in the concentrations
of two minor compounds. Besides being ecologically interesting, the tissue reduction phenomenon in Aplysinella sp. provides an experimentally manipulable system for studies on sponge/microbe symbioses. Moreover, it may prove useful
as a model system to investigate molecular mechanisms of basic Metazoan traits in vivo, complementing the in vitro sponge
primmorph system currently used in this context. 相似文献
20.
Hawkins BA Diniz-Filho JA Bini LM Araújo MB Field R Hortal J Kerr JT Rahbek C Rodríguez MA Sanders NJ 《Ecology》2007,88(8):1898-1902